Slavey Then And Now :: essays research papers

Slavery Then and NowWhen we think about slavery many a(prenominal) things come to our mind. There are many assorted ways one can describe slavery. If you were to look it up in a dictionary it would say that a slave is one who is own and forced into service by another, this was the translation given in the Websters Dictionary. But then again if you were to look it up in the Oxford Dictionary the definition given here is of one who is an obsessive devotee. On the whole slavery can have different meanings to different people.The meaning of slavery has a different meaning today than it did years ago. As Alex Haley wrote, slavery was difficult to explain years ago because it was going on at the time. Today when someone says the account book slavery more than half of the people would think of plantations and people being forced to work the land and being mistreated. But what do you say to a little child who comes up to you and asks you want slavery is? In todays society we can take th e word slavery and put it to the ripe days. Would one say that slavery only existed years ago when plantation owners would buy people to force them to do backbreaking labor and mistreat them, or would one mention about the slavery that goes on in todays society? What about the people who are forced to do hard labor like many years ago?Many people do not realize it but indeed we do have contemporary slavery. What is todays modern day slavery? There are several things that can be put into todays slavery. This is one line that is often over looked in todays society. It may not have as much impact as it did years ago, but if we eat up and think about it, this puzzle is still as harsh and crude as it was years ago. I would think that up to some extent the problem has grown now because it is in fact often overlooked. For example in Sudan, as a result of an Islamic vs. Christian civil war, women and children that are in the main black and Christian are captured in raids. They are lat er sold as chattel slaves in modern day slave markets. Now the incredulity that I have is, Does a human life have a price? Well according to these people it does, and the price that they decided to put on a human life has been as low as fifteen dollars.

Part-time Employment Undermines Students Commitment to School :: Summary Response Working School Essays

Part- time Employment Undermines Students Commitment to School by Laurence SteinbergSummary In the essay, Part-time Employment Undermines a Students Commitment to School by Laurence Steinberg, it explains how studies show that teenagers that work while attending schooling are more likely to loose their payload to school. Steinberg tells the effects on students when they work more than twenty hours a week. His theory was that students are more susceptible to losing their interest in school, while working. They may get down to work in the regularing time, which can interfere with homework, sleep and diet. Steinberg also elaborated on how these students that work receive money that can make school seem less desirable. Also because they do receive money, they can use their extra money to become associated with drugs and alcohol. Steinbergs review of this subject shows the affects of what can expire if adolescents work while going to school and how this can engage them in drugs and ha ve less engagement in school and other related activities. receipt I agree with Steinberg that working affects adolescents that are going to school. I believe that teenagers should concentrate on their studies and not become overwhelmed with the added stress of work. There is plenty of time for them to learn the real world of working, so why not let them be kids and have them worry about their homework and after school chores, alternatively than trying to make the almighty dollar.I like the way Steinberg explains how a simple job can lead to so much more. Parents do not always realize that yes, it is adept for a teenager to learn responsibility, but getting a job at that age is not always the the right way thing to do. Each child is different some may be able to handle it, but most can not. This study shows the effects of how good students can change by working and going to school and how students that already have lost interest in school can loose even more interest and even dr op out completely.

The Goal: A Process of Ongoing Improvement by Eliyahu M. Goldratt Essay

In a situation like Alex Rogos, the Plant coach for the Bearington Division of UniCo Corporation, who has been given three months by his boss to either show a profit or face shutdown, one can be tempted to shoot an easy option quit now and look for another job while your reputation is still intact. The temptations for Alex to consider this option are many his set has not shown any profit for quite some time, orders are often shipped months late, the inventory position is so bad that the aisles of the plant floor are crammed with in-process parts, or so all jobs are designated as rush and upon all this his marriage is on the precipe because he has been spending all his time in the plant.However, Alex decides to take the problems head on. In this quest, he is patroned by his old Physics professor, Jonah. Rather than giving him ready made answers like a consultant, Jonah forces Alex to think by confronting him with pointed questions designed to help him bring out his intuitive s kills. When Alex tells Jonah how he was adequate to(p) to increase productivity by thirty-six percent in one department but with the use of robots, Jonah points it out to Alex how the robots could not possibly have contributed to the companys goal and that in fact in terms of its overall goal, Alex must actually be running a very unproductive plant. Prodded on by Jonah, Alex comes to the conclusion that as a first step, he first and for the first time has to ensure that his plant makes money. With a continuous barrage of questions from his teacher, Alex and his team learn how to define measurements so that they better reflect the money making goal of a manufacturing organization. Proceeding systematically, they discover the facts which point to how the blockade machine in their plant, or in any plant for that matter, determines the throughput and that the capacity of the entire plant is actually tint to the capacity of the bottleneck. They then devise a system whereby the bot tleneck (a machine called NCX-10, in this case ) is kept busy for the maximum amount of time viable this they do by first ensuring that the NCX-10 is kept running even during lunch breaks and later on by ensuring an adequate buffer in front of the bottleneck so that it would not be idle for want of parts. In the meantime they also save time on another suspected bottleneck, the heat treatment, by relocating ... ...e omni-presence of two phenomena, dependency and variability, in manufacturing environments, it is vital that the systems actual constraint be identified which may or may not be physical. All other policies have to be built so that they work within the constraint. That is to say that the non- forced resources have to be used to maximize the performance of the constrained resource. The next step is to try and improve the constraint itself, if possible.Alex Rogo is successful in turning around his plant because he unwittingly, or by design, follows this same tell thinkin g process wherein he goes from first defining his fundamental measures and then exploring the effects of different parts of his plant on these measures. He is then able to identify his constraints and effect changes that allow him to maximize his plants performance within the constraint. Later when he finds that his constraint is no longer physical but has become something impalpable beyond his plant, he identifies it correctly as a market constraint and tries to improve it by encouraging his sales staff to come up with spic-and-span orders. And if all this wasnt enough, Alex has also managed to save his marriage

Nature in the Rastafarian Consciousness Essay -- essays papers

Nature in the Rastafarian Consciousness Living in harmony with the environment and the laws of Nature is one of the central ideas of Rastafarianism. To live in accordance with the Earth is to live in accordance with Jah it is incorporated into the morality that is Rastafarian consciousness. The Rastas reverence for nature is influenced by the traditional African religions which are solace practiced in Jamaica and which have also influenced Christianity on the island tremendously. Hinduism, too, has influenced many Rastafarian beliefs and practices. Through the Rastafarians calculated rejection of Western cultural norms they have come to realize capitalist economy and the environmental destruction it has caused as Babylon, a place of destruction and greed. In order to escape thisBabylon systema lifestyle has been employed that is focused on a correlation between man and nature. This lifestyle is an environmentally sound ideal that others around the World are only now beginning to es say for.The African TraditionIn order to understand the Rastafarian idealism relating to the environment we must first consider the traditions from which it came. In Jamaica, the survival of the African ghostlike tradition can be felt throughout the island. Most clearly this religious tradition is demonstrated by Kumina groups. Kumina is generally accepted as macrocosm West African in origin brought here by the Ashanti. These people above all others were taken for the slave trade because the British regarded them as an peculiarly sturdy and good for labor (Barrett 16,1997.) The Ashanti came to dominate slave, and later, peasant society, especially within the realm of religion. The practice eventually spread throughout the slave World (Barrett 17,19... ...go weightlift 1986)5) Jacobs, Virginia Lee Roots of Rastafari (San Diego, Slawson Communications, Inc 1985)6) Johnson-Hill, Jack A. I-Sight, The World of Rastafari An Interpretive Sociological Account of Rastafarian Ethics (Met uchen N.J., The American Theological Library Ass. And Scarecrow Press, Ink. 1995)7) Morrish, Ivan Jamaica and its Religions (Cambridge, James Clarke and Co. 1982)8) Reddington, Norman Rastafari History, http//lamar.colostate.edu/laingg/rasta.html May 19959) Turner, Terisa Arise Ye Mighty People Gender, Class, and Race in Popular Struggles,The New Society(Trenton, Africa World Press, 1994)10) Witvliet, Theo A Place in the Sun An Introductio to bagging Theology in the Third World (SCM Press Ltd. 1985)11) Youd, Ital Itations of Jamaica and I Rastafari... the First Itation (Miami, Judah Anbesa Ihntahnahshinch 1987)

Essay --

Lauren ParkProf. StewartAc Eng 139W11/24/2013IntroductionThe subject of spontaneous abortion has had very risquely contested debates over decades. In most platforms, in that respect are numerous religious, legal, moral or social reasons floated against having an abortion. However, in the same platforms, the proponents of abortion synopsis various arguments to rest their point. Central to the opponents (pro-life activists) arguments against abortion is that abortion is an unethical. check to Naden (2007), they contend that personhood begins at conception. Therefore, abortion terminates a life an innocent human cosmos. On the other(a) hand, the proponents (pro-choice activists) argue that human life begins after birth, hence the claimed skillful to life for the fetus does not match the criteria. They also assert that abortion is a recompense that should not be limited by either government-based or non-governmental organizations since it has more weight than the right the righ t claimed for a fetus. In spite of abortion being advocated for in certain medical circumstance, the procedure is astray not acceptable in most societies due to the numerous negative side effects associated to it. til now though there are some incidences where abortion has been widely advocated, abortion is generally not acceptable due to the numerous negative aspects associated to it. According to Bailey (2012), abortion is a medical and legal process of terminating a maternal quality so that it does not result in the birth of a baby. The National Health wait on (NHS) in the United Kingdom points out that the procedure roll in the hay either be through taking a prescribed medication or a surgical process (NHS, 2012). In the same context, NHS distinguishes abortion from a miscarriage in the sense that there i... ...ficulties of finding brides due to imbalanced sex ratio. Those efforts in truth worked and a survey in 2007 showed that campaigns and advertisements actually helped womens comprehend status. However, problem of imbalanced sex ratio did not completely solved, so change of indemnity bottom of the inning be another solution. For example, if both parents are further child, they are allowed to have twain children. But what if two children are daughters? Although they can have two children, a gender of their children does not depend on their choices. Then, foetal sex determination is the only option for those parents who want a boy and there is high possibility of carrying out a plan of having sex selective abortion to have male child for their family line. Therefore, allowing people a second child or third child when they only have daughter can be another way to reduce sex selective abortion. Essay -- Lauren ParkProf. StewartAc Eng 139W11/24/2013IntroductionThe subject of abortion has had very highly contested debates over decades. In most platforms, there are numerous religious, legal, moral or social reasons floated against h aving an abortion. However, in the same platforms, the proponents of abortion outline various arguments to rest their point. Central to the opponents (pro-life activists) arguments against abortion is that abortion is an unethical. According to Naden (2007), they contend that personhood begins at conception. Therefore, abortion terminates a life an innocent human being. On the other hand, the proponents (pro-choice activists) argue that human life begins after birth, hence the claimed right to life for the fetus does not match the criteria. They also assert that abortion is a right that should not be limited by either government-based or non-governmental organizations since it has more weight than the right the right claimed for a fetus. In spite of abortion being advocated for in certain medical circumstance, the procedure is widely not acceptable in most societies due to the numerous negative side effects associated to it. Even though there are some incidences where abortion has been widely advocated, abortion is generally not acceptable due to the numerous negative aspects associated to it. According to Bailey (2012), abortion is a medical and legal process of terminating a pregnancy so that it does not result in the birth of a baby. The National Health Service (NHS) in the United Kingdom points out that the procedure can either be through taking a prescribed medication or a surgical process (NHS, 2012). In the same context, NHS distinguishes abortion from a miscarriage in the sense that there i... ...ficulties of finding brides due to imbalanced sex ratio. Those efforts actually worked and a survey in 2007 showed that campaigns and advertisements actually helped womens perceived status. However, problem of imbalanced sex ratio did not completely solved, so change of policy can be another solution. For example, if both parents are only child, they are allowed to have two children. But what if two children are daughters? Although they can have two children , a gender of their children does not depend on their choices. Then, fetal sex determination is the only option for those parents who want a boy and there is high possibility of carrying out a plan of having sex selective abortion to have male child for their family line. Therefore, allowing people a second child or third child when they only have daughter can be another way to reduce sex selective abortion.

Essay --

Lauren ParkProf. StewartAc Eng 139W11/24/2013IntroductionThe subject of miscarriage has had very highly contested debates over decades. In nigh platforms, thither be numerous religious, legal, moral or social reasons floated against having an miscarriage. However, in the same platforms, the proponents of miscarriage outline various arguments to rest their point. Central to the opponents (pro-life activists) arguments against miscarriage is that miscarriage is an unethical. fit in to Naden (2007), they contend that personhood begins at conception. Therefore, spontaneous abortion terminates a life an innocent human being. On the other hand, the proponents (pro-choice activists) argue that human life begins after birth, thusly the claimed right to life for the fetus does not match the criteria. They also assert that abortion is a right that should not be limited by any government-based or non-governmental organizations since it has more weight than the right the right claimed for a fetus. In spite of abortion being advocated for in certain medical circumstance, the performance is widely not acceptable in most societies due to the numerous negative side effectuate associated to it. Even though there are some incidences where abortion has been widely advocated, abortion is generally not acceptable due to the numerous negative aspects associated to it. According to Bailey (2012), abortion is a medical and legal process of terminating a pregnancy so that it does not result in the birth of a baby. The National health Service (NHS) in the United Kingdom points out that the procedure can either be through taking a prescribed medication or a surgical process (NHS, 2012). In the same context, NHS distinguishes abortion from a miscarriage in the sense that there i... ...ficulties of finding brides due to imbalanced wake up ratio. Those efforts actually worked and a survey in 2007 showed that campaigns and advertisements actually helped womens perceived status. H owever, problem of imbalanced sexual activity ratio did not completely solved, so budge of policy can be another solution. For example, if both parents are only infant, they are allowed to stick out two children. But what if two children are young ladys? Although they can have two children, a gender of their children does not depend on their choices. Then, fetal sex determination is the only option for those parents who want a boy and there is high possibility of carrying out a plan of having sex selective abortion to have male child for their family line. Therefore, allowing people a second child or third child when they only have daughter can be another way to reduce sex selective abortion. Essay -- Lauren ParkProf. StewartAc Eng 139W11/24/2013IntroductionThe subject of abortion has had very highly contested debates over decades. In most platforms, there are numerous religious, legal, moral or social reasons floated against having an abortion. However, in the s ame platforms, the proponents of abortion outline various arguments to rest their point. Central to the opponents (pro-life activists) arguments against abortion is that abortion is an unethical. According to Naden (2007), they contend that personhood begins at conception. Therefore, abortion terminates a life an innocent human being. On the other hand, the proponents (pro-choice activists) argue that human life begins after birth, hence the claimed right to life for the fetus does not match the criteria. They also assert that abortion is a right that should not be limited by either government-based or non-governmental organizations since it has more weight than the right the right claimed for a fetus. In spite of abortion being advocated for in certain medical circumstance, the procedure is widely not acceptable in most societies due to the numerous negative side effects associated to it. Even though there are some incidences where abortion has been widely advocated, abortion is g enerally not acceptable due to the numerous negative aspects associated to it. According to Bailey (2012), abortion is a medical and legal process of terminating a pregnancy so that it does not result in the birth of a baby. The National Health Service (NHS) in the United Kingdom points out that the procedure can either be through taking a prescribed medication or a surgical process (NHS, 2012). In the same context, NHS distinguishes abortion from a miscarriage in the sense that there i... ...ficulties of finding brides due to imbalanced sex ratio. Those efforts actually worked and a survey in 2007 showed that campaigns and advertisements actually helped womens perceived status. However, problem of imbalanced sex ratio did not completely solved, so change of policy can be another solution. For example, if both parents are only child, they are allowed to have two children. But what if two children are daughters? Although they can have two children, a gender of their children does no t depend on their choices. Then, fetal sex determination is the only option for those parents who want a boy and there is high possibility of carrying out a plan of having sex selective abortion to have male child for their family line. Therefore, allowing people a second child or third child when they only have daughter can be another way to reduce sex selective abortion.

Mr Nobody Essay

Mr. zip is a 2009 science fiction drama motion picture. It was written and directed by Jaco Van Dormael, produced by Philippe Godeau, and starred Jared Leto, Sarah Polley, Diane Kruger, Linh Dan Pham, Rhys Ifans, Natasha Little, Toby Regbo and Juno Temple. The film tells the lifetime story of Nemo Nobody, a 118 year- obsolete man who is the last mortal on Earth after the human race has achieved quasi-im death rate. Nemo, memory fading, refers to his three main loves and to his nurtures divorce and subsequent hardships endured at three main moments in his life him at age nine, fifteen and thirty-four. Nemo tells the story including alternate life paths, practic all(prenominal)y changing course with the flick of a decision at each of those ages. The film uses nonlinear narrative and the many-worlds interpretation to tell the story of Nemos life.Mr. Nobody had its world premiere at the 66th Venice International Film Festival where it received the Golden Osella and the Biografilm La ncia Award. Critical response was generally strong and the film was nominated for septette Magritte Awards, winning six, including Best Film and Best Director for Van Dormael. The film was released in Belgium on January 13, 2010. Since its original release, Mr. Nobody has become a cult film, historied for its philosophy and cinematography, personal characters and Pierre Van Dormaels soundtrack.12Plot In the year 2092, Nemo Nobody is a 118-year-old man, the last mortal on Earth. Humanity has conquered mortality through an endless renewal of cells, and the world now watches in fascination as Mr. Nobody edges towards death. Every atomic number 53 wants to know the life that he has lived. Nemo himself says that he remembers nothing closely his past and a psychiatrist, Dr. Feldheim, tries to make him recall memories through hypnosis other memories are told to a journalist. Nemo spits out contradictory pieces as he is prodded, and no one is veritable what happened and what didnt.He is less than clear, often thinking that he is only 34 years old. He tells of his life at three primary points in his life at age nine, when his parents get divorced at age fifteen, when he fell in love and at age thirty-four, living his adulthood all three unravelled into many other realities in a nonlinear narrative. At the beginning of the story its explained that before birth, children remember everything that will happen in their lives, but at the moment of conception, the Angels of Oblivion make them forget everything. Eventually, the Angels forget about Nemo. Now the boy first has to choose his parents. At age 9, his aid choice happens when they divorce, and he has to decide with whom he will live. At a railway point, his mother leaves on a train, while his father stays. In one case he runs to reach the train and his mother manages to pull him in, in another he stays with his father.Epilogue Before his death, Mr. Nobody tells the journalist that they both dont exist they are i n the mind of Nemo as a boy, when he is being forced to make an impossible choice. The journalist is whence seen looking out of a train window at 9 year-old Nemo as he just misses catching hold of his mothers hand. The moment is that Nemo made use of that unknown mans face in one of his imaginary projections into his own distant future. Back at the railway station one final time, Nemo creates a third and totally unexpected choice for himself he abandons both parents and takes another way out of the dilemma by outpouring away from the tracks in a perpendicular line towards an unknown future.He ends up as the adult Nemo sleeping on a bench by the lighthouse and waiting for Annas return. There is, eventually, an ecstatically joyful reunion between them where the two lovingly embrace. At the precise moment Mr. Nobody dies of old age, the expansion of the universe comes to a halt and time reverses itself. The imaginary 118 year-old man then cackles triumphantly as he springs back into awareness with the realization that his younger self has finally found his one true love and life.

Mobile Crushing Plant Arrived at Philippines Quarry Essay

Last week, a good news came from Philippines that the client who had ordered DSMAC unstable crush specify for his quarry is satisfied with the final sand crushed by the crusher.Early since September 2012, the Philippines customer consulted on DSMAC official website about the withering equipment. Aiming to the existing problem of serious wear and the quarrys position of suburb, the enterprise engineer recommended the mobile stifling plant. At the end of 2012, the30tph mobile crushing plant was exported to Philippines successfully. The whole crushing plant includes Hopper+ PE400*600 jaw crusher + PYT900 cone crusher + 2YK1245 circular vibrating screen + belt conveyor Besides, the equipped Commins diesel generator, hydraulic insistence unit and frequency conversion control cabinet, and so on are also sent to the customer. On 13th December, DSMAC two engineers are sent to Philippines customer site. On 22th, the mobile crushing plant began to operate successfully, and the crushed san d has good shape and high cleanness, which makes the customer satisficed.Mobile crushing plant is lots mainly used forsand making line and construction waste crushing line. This crushing station has the features of convenient and stong mobility, saving lots of infrastructure and removal represent and the materials transportation cost, because this crushing station can buoy work in complicated terrain and move with raw materials mining fields. DSMAC mobile crusher integrates primary crushing and secondary crushing closely, and realize the less occupation, convenient installation and automation. Therefore, the mobile crushing plant is always liked by owners of quarry and construction waste processing plant at home and abroad.Besides, there are also variety of stationary crushers, production lines, feeders and screens, ore crushers, crusher spare parts, and so on. The customers who are in need of crushing equipment can visite the website http//www.sandmakingplants.com/About DSMACFou nded in 1997, DSMAC Group is a China leading crusher and sand making machine manufacturer with a complete line of crushing, grinding and test equipment. We boast an extensive product range, and our impressive 128,000 square meter factory space is fully equipped with CNC machines, spectrometers, welding machines imported from Germany, and more, to efficiently meet your requirements. stir InformationDSMAC GroupJanet ZhangPhone +86-371-6789-7680E-mail janetdscrusher.com

The ideas of classical economists

Dry James Anagram Synopsis The purpose of this work is to examine and understand the principal(prenominal) thoughts of prominent economists during the classical intent, namely tenner Smith, doubting Thomas Malthusian, David Richard, Jeremy Beneath and John Stuart mess about. It is also included the comparison of ideas between these masters and last entirely not least, the contributions of these Ideas In todays context.At the beginning, the background of the classical period Is provided to ensure that readers have a better understanding of the economists ideas. Followed by that, separately economists ideas will be discussed respectively, and the comparison will be made. The contributions of ex Smith, David Richard and Thomas Malthusian will be discussed in the last part and conclusion would be drawn. Content Page No.Page number Introduction 4 2 Background 3 The 5 Prominent Economists decade Smith Thomas Malthusian David Richard Jeremy Beneath John Stuart Mill 5 6 7 Comparison of Ideas between the Five Economists 8 Contributions of Classical School in Contemporary 9 Conclusion 10 Bibliography 11 Appendices 12 Classical school started during the late 18th century, when go game Smith published his independent field of study and set forth the development of modern frugals. Their ideas such as division of labor and comparative advantages argon still discusses and implied in todays world.The work of this paper is to examine the main thoughts of five leading economists of classical period, namely Adam Smith, Thomas Malthusian, David Richard, Jeremy Beneath and John Mill and to compare their thoughts and concepts. Also, the relevance of contributions of their ideas in todays context will be discussed. Background Before classical period there was commerce period (1500 1776). During that time, manipulations and brass handling in the market is being practiced. Wealth of a nation is weighed in scathe of gold and silver that a country possessed.Therefore mul tinational trade is demoralised by the implementation of tariff, in order to pr veritable(a)t wealth flowing to different countries. However, as scientific revolution and industrial revolution take place, it helps to kindle the ideas of classicists. (Refer appendix 1 for influence of scientific revolution) There are a few main features in classical economics thoughts. Firstly, classical economists advocate unblock trade in rake. Without government intervention, the economy could self-adjust to achieve full employment. Secondly, each party, I. E. He merchants, workers and consumers will each seek self-benefit as it is in the human nature. Hence, concurrence of interests will be achieved when the pursuit of self-interest will eventu exclusivelyy leads to the best interest of the society. Thirdly, classicists consider all economic resources such as land, labor, capital and entrepreneurship as the nations wealth and lastly, the classicists made a remarkable contribution to economic s by explaining economic horses explicitly. Adam Smith (1723 1790) is often regarded as the father of modern policy-making economy.In his life he had written two books, The Theory of Moral Sentiments and An Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations. Moral Sentiments discussed the moral forces that restrain selfishness and bind people in concert in a workable society Wealth of Nations assumed the existence of a Just society and showed how the individual is guided and limited by economic forces. (Bruce and Grant, 2007 p. 62) Adam Smith economic ideas are something of a novelty during his time. He introduced the idea of division of labor, which in todays word means specialization.By practicing division of labor, the productivity could be attachd as (1) workers skills are enhanced when they perform only one single task, (2) time for changing work task from one to another is saved, and (3) figure of machines could help increasing productivity once tasks have been si mplified and made routine. (Bruce and Grant, 2007). Another idea being maneuvered out by Smith is the harmony of interest. When all parties in a economy is seeking their self-interest, the natural order of the oral will eventually channel it to become social good.The key behind this multifactorial mechanism is the concept of competition. Thus, Smith opposed government intervention in the market for the corruption and favoritism will leads to monopoly and competition will fail. This also implies in transnational trade. Smith thinks that have an advantage in and trades it with other countries. Although Smith is against government involvement in the economy, he did suggest a few roles that government could play in the economy. (Refer to appendix 2) When talk about value, Smith is of he opinion that whole tonement of value should be labor.The value of any commodity to a person, who possesses it, if he wishes to exchange it for other commodities, is equal to the quantity of labor whi ch it enables him to purchase or command. Labor, therefore, is the real measure of the exchangeable value of all commodities. (Bruce and Grant, 2007p. 72) However, Smith did notice that there are practical and theoretical difficulties in this surmise. (Refer appendix 3 for further details) Thomas Malthusian (1766 1834) advanced the population theory in his event An Essay on the Principle of Population.He states that population will increases at a geometric rate when unchecked while subsistence would only increases at best arithmetical rate. He suggested 2 types of checks, first is tour checks which are those that reduce the birth rate and second, positive checks which are those that increase the shoemakers last rate, to control population growth. share of Malthusian ideas were adopted when the Poor Law Amendment of 1834 was passed. In his later work Principles of Political Economy, Malthusian came out with the theory of market gluts. He suggested that insufficient remove wou ld occur due to inequality of distribution of income.Due to that, spending by landlords is important to prevent a glut of goods on the market which would turn into economic stagnation. (Bruce and Grant, 2007) David Richard (1772 1823) is a influential figure in the field of economics. He is hailed as the economists economist for his extraordinary contributions in economics. The man who only had 14 years of formal information addressed economic matters academically. One of his main thoughts is the theory of free trade and from here derived the law of comparative costs, also known as law of comparative advantage.He explained that a person or country should gain goods which they can produce t a humiliate opportunity cost as compared to their competitors. In doing so, they would be more efficient and when traded with another country that practices the same theory, would achieve mutual benefit. Taking Turbots concept of diminishing returns in agriculture, Richard used it to develop h is theory of lock and introduced the law of diminishing returns. The law says that as the number of factor of production I. E. Labor increases, assuming sisters Paramus, the marginal product will at some point diminish.In the discussion of value, Richard said that a commodity must have use alee if it is to have exchange value. The use value of a commodity is derived from their scarcity and also the quantity of labor requires in captureing it. Although utility is vital, it is not a measurement of exchange value. Time needed for producing the good and obtaining the raw material to produce the good is the exchange value for a commodity, according to Richard. The minimization of a persons pleasure, advanced the principle of utility.This notion is that people pursue things that provide pleasure and subdue things that produce pain all individuals seek to maximize their total pleasure. Bruce and Grant, 2007p. 122) Unlike hedonism, Beneath added the ethical doctrine into utilitarianism t hat human action should direct to the superior merriment of the greatest number of people. For that reason, Beneath was very active in social reforms. He supported free education for all, right for women, abolition of slavery and death penalty and many more. The major problem with Bantams utility theory was that pleasure, a kind of emotion could not be quantify or measure.He tried to measure it using the Felicia Calculus, but he himself acknowledged the flaws in his calculation. John Stuart Mill who attended home schooling had his father, James Mill as his teacher. As a result, he got influenced by Bantams thoughts of utilitarianism, as his father is a close friend to Jeremy Beneath. He further enhanced the utilitarianism concept, stating that enjoyment ought to be viewed in terms of not only quantity but also quality. (Anagram, 2012) His publication, Principles of Political Economy summarizes and fused all the economic knowledge up to his day.His discussed various troubles from production to planetary trade. His most important and original contribution is the law of international values. He implied the elasticity of demand for goods in his theory and successfully showed that the real exchange equipment casualty takes into account not only the domestic costs, but also the elasticity of demand for each product abroad. Comparisons of Ideas between the Five Economists After reading the main thoughts of the five economists, we can see the evolution of economic thoughts in the timeline.The masters each have their own explanation on various topics, sometimes agreeing with each other and other times which they argued. From a bigger picture, we can depict that the ideas during the early period of lassie period varies from ideas of those in the end of classical period. For example, Adam Smith proposed laissez-fairer with minimal government involvement as the invisible hand in the market would eventually move the market to its equilibrium stage. However, Jeremy Ben eath, who holds the idea of the greatest happiness for the largest number of people, thinks that government should overlook the economy and social policy.In international trade issue, Adam Smith explained that export could remove surpluses in market but it could be done only when a country has absolute advantage in producing the particular goods. It was Richard then who argued that country could still benefit from trade even without absolute advantage. He introduced the theory of comparative costs, which is a situation when a country could produce certain goods with relative lower opportunity cost than the other country, and trades between them would still benefit each other.Mill supported Orchards view of international trade, and further elaborated it by the law of international values. Mill said that the international price of trade is determined by the elasticity of demand of the product. Mills theory is important as it overcome the economy. On the topic of value, Adam Smith lay his concern in value of exchange. He explained that the measurement of value should be labor and in exchanging commodities, both commodities should have equal quantity of labor to obtain it. As for Richard, he defined exchange value must have use value.The use value of a good is derived from its scarcity and also song of labor needed to obtain it. Richard then argued that exchange value of a good rely not only on the time used by labor to produce it, but also the time taken to obtain raw materials and capital goods which s used in the production process. In examining Thomas Malthusian ideas, the work of a very controversial man during his time, we could see that his works are favored by the wealthy landlords and on the other hand, pushed the lower classes the poor people into a deeper pit.In his population theory, he states that population when unchecked increases geometrically, while subsistence increases at best arithmetically. Therefore, to control the population growth there is preventive checks and positive checks. Richard, who is a close friend to Malthusian, argued that the theory s untrue and as a matter of fact, as years go by, the increment of food production is higher than increment of population growth. Contributions of the Classical School in Contemporary It is undeniable that the ideas of classical economists are a breakthrough in the mercantilism period and set forth the foundation of modern economic studies.Their works, being influenced by the scientific revolution, seeks experimental evidence to support and verify their ideas thus increase the credibility of their works. Below are three economists that made lasting contributions to the economic until today 1 . Credited with the title father of modern political economy, Adam Smith thusly had made a huge impact in transformation of economy from mercantilism to free market. The most valuable idea that he leave for us would be the harmony of interest.The key behind the mechanism that brought all self-interest seeking behavior to become a social good, usually also known as the invisible hand, is the concept of competition. It is because of competition that producers are restrained from making extra profit and hence drives down the price of goods. This theory is still recognized n todays economy. 2. David Richard Richard made a significant contribution with his theory of comparative advantage that served as a cornerstone in todays international trading policies.Although it was later refined by John Mill, nevertheless credits should still be given to this man. 3. Thomas Malthusian Despite being a controversial figure and his theories favor the upper class of the society, Thomas Malthusian still made some contributions to the contemporary economy. It was through his notions that the population growth issue is being concerned and later developed to be a formal study. It was his work regarding market gluts that later catches Keynes attention and expanded it. The classical s chool of thoughts indeed is an essential period in the history of the economical behavior of the society.

Managerial Accounting Essay

Due to positive turnout of many businesses, cross-functional integrated systems is not only becoming a trend but will be here to stay. The whole system provides savings from time, cost and quality comp bed to manu altogethery re-entering of entropy from one business function system into another system especially if it is still on a non-integrated environment. Thru the integrated systems, the eradicaters can film direct chafe to relevant information significant to a decision. This also provides the needs of the nodes, suppliers and business partners as well. In terms of operations, business enterprise runs smooth given the cross-functional systems. This saves clock and dramatically improves the efficiency of total operation. it can act strategically 3. Which of the 13 tools for accounting information systems summarized in Figure 7.18 do you feel argon requirement for any business to have today? Which of them do you feel are optional, depending on the type of business or other f actor? Explain.Essential 1) gross revenue Order Processing- This is how orders are processed without this incoming and outgoing orders is not monitored. Since my company deals with fuel retailing it is very key that orders are managed and delivered to our customers.2) Sales Analysis- This is very important since we have to analyze well if our sales are picking up or not, it is where we understand the needs and wants of our customers. This also helps us analyze what factors to consider in handling our products sales (such as supply and pick out, margins, prices and market).3) Accounts Receivable- This is where we monitor our receivables from our customers. Without this, we will not be able collect our sales. This is also a tool in supervise our companys profitability.4) Accounts Payable We also need to monitor our dues from our supplier and customers so that we can settle our payables to them.5) Purchases- It is very essential for a business that purchases are monitored and manag ed (in terms of inventory, supply chain (since we do retailing), turn around time of our products, prices, margins, costs, payments and dues).6) Inventory Processing- without taking note of inventory processing inventories, costs of the producst, prices will not be managed well. It is very essential that business nowadays have to have competitive advantage, for example, for us in retailing, we have to manage our inventorys prices and turnover, our payables and our sales.7) worldwide Ledger- it is where we see the complete transactions of the company be it in inventory, accounts payable and receivables, and sales.8) Payroll- Business cannot survive without employees, it is were employees 9) function are being compensated, with the systematize approach that we have employees are given salaries in no sweat since it is already organized.All the above mentioned systems are the common systems used in Business accounting and roughly of them are related to inventory which is I think is t he major factor to consider in a business.Optional 1. Billing- this is were we manage the due of our customers and our suppliers.2. Cash receipts- it were we manage dues and receivables, this helps us in managing our taxes also (BIR implications are being managed for recording).3. Cash disbursment4. Financial reporting- we have stakeholders and shareholders and the company as well have full view of the reports to know the companys stability.5. TimekeepingThose 5 systems are optional because it is part of the back end support on the main business.4. What other solutions could there be for the line of work of informationsystems incompatibility in business besides EAI systems?Alternative to an EAI (Enterprise Application Integration) in performing data conversion and coordination, application converse and messaging services and access to the application interfaces are the following First, for data conversion andcoordination and all related to capturing data, a business can use a POS (point of sale) with a ample size of server as an alternative of EAI while for the communication and messaging services, a business can use the ECS (Enterprise Collaboration system) as an alternative tools in enterpise collaboration.7. How can Internet technologies be involved in improving a process in one of the functions of business? Choose one example and appraise its business value. Internet technologies has helped on improvements in capturing data to include conversion and coordination and also improvements in communication and messaging services.In our company, an example of this is the creation of heads portal. Dealers portal consists of all related information of the dealer. This includes the online placing of orders, monitoring their deliveries, statement of account, online filing of technical request, training request and the status of all their reimbursements. In this improvement, this would reduce the communication chain and enable the real time transactions of reque st of from each one dealers.CHAPTER 8Discussion Questions 1. Should every company sound a customer-focused business? Why or why not? Yes, a company is nothing without a customer. They are the bread and butter of the company. However, there are some companies that focuses for two main customers the internal (employee) and the external customers. They include internal because they consider their employees as their customers to gain their loyalty and for them to work harder which in result is customer satisfaction.2.Why would systems that enhance a companys relationships with customers have such a high rate of chastening?Reasons for high rate of failure 1. Poor coordination and communication prior to the release of the new system2. Not properly implemented3. Poor cooperation with some of the employees4. How could some of the spectacular failures of ERP systems have been avoided?Things to consider to avoid failure of ERP systems 1. Proper planning and coordination prior to the implem entation2. Planning should consider the possible problems that may be encountered during the implementation.3. Proper training to all employees who will be apply the system7. How can the problem of overenthusiastic demand forecasts in supply chain planning be avoided?Things to consider to avoid the problem of overenthusiastic demand forecasts in supply chain planning1. Submission of moving dashboard (sales forecast) on a quarterly basis.2. Assign a point person for each department involved3. Weekly meeting to update activities for each department involved.4. Proper analysis on the market trend

History Of Multifocal Bone Infarctions Health And Social Care Essay

Oste unitarycrosis is a ordinary complication of corticosteroid therapy. In this survey, we report the instance of a patient with imperfection of both join genuss 1 twelvemonth back who has been diagnosed with knee osteonecrosis affecting zygomorphous proximal shin arisel and distal thigh osmium likely referable to microvascular hurt to proximal tibia and distal femoris. A 22-year- disused male patient presented with a account of writhing hurt of both articulatio genuss.He had non taken any medicine, In malice of some(prenominal) anodynes, that leads to osteonecrosis. One twelvemonth subsequently, he developed symmetrical anterior articulatio genus pain in the ass of insidious oncoming. Magnetic resonance imagination performed on admittance showed osteonecrosis of the bilateral proximal tibial and distal thigh pearl, about every bit pronounced in the shin bring up and thighbone. Osteonecrosis is a reasonably common complication in patients with the history of corticoid us age for the intervention of assortment of systemic and arthritic upsets. The status can attest itself anyplace in the skeletal system, around normally in the femoral caput. Distal thighbone and proximal shinbone with bilateral engagement is rather r argon in the literature. Injury of both articulatio genuss and within one twelvemonth gross osteonecrosis of bilateral articulatio genus articulation is rarest presentation.BONE INFARCTION known by other names i.e. Avascular mortification, osteonecrosis, sterile mortification, ischaemic bone mortification and AVN ) is a unsoundness due to break of parenthood supply of tissues, because of vascular via media, cellular decease of bone occur that leads to prostration. It is largely occur in the country where blood supply is unstable and by terminal arterias. It is largely occur at hip articulation but late there is increase opportunity of infarction in weight bearing country of articulatio genus articulation besides and leads to gross de vastation of articular surfaces and whole articulations and ligaments. There are many theories about what causes avascular mortification. Hazard factors are chemotherapy in malignant neoplastic disease patient, long term usage of intoxicant and steroid, station injury, decompressing illness, vascular via media due to arterial intercalation and thrombosis due to intimal harm, Radiation, prolonged usage of bisphosphonate in osteoporosis, blood upsets, such as reaping hook cell disease, glycogen storage upset i.e. Gaucher disease. Commonest is idiopathic. Systemic lupus erythematous, Rheumatoid arthritis, Prolonged, repeated exposure to high force per unit areas etc. So bone infarction can overstep by two ways one is primary due to direct hurt of blood supply by child or terrible injury known as self-generated osteonecrosis of the articulatio genus ( SPONK ) , is ill understood but seems to be the consequence of some type of injury to the articulatio genus. It normally affects plainl y one articulatio genus and most frequently a individual country within the articulatio genus. The country of bone in the articulatio genus loses its normal blood supply and may finally weaken and prostration. This typically leads to trouble and functional restrictions. The hurting is frequently sudden oncoming and increases with weight bearing, step mounting, and at dark. SPONK is most frequently seen in aged adult females with osteoporosis and secondrily due to drawn-out exposure of hazard factors, affect multiple countries of the articulatio genus, and 80 % of people turn over both articulatio genuss affected.Case HistoryA 22-year- archaic adult male with no important medical history presented afterwards the one twelvemonth of in important history of injury complained of leftfield articulatio genus hurting, which he noted after making difficult work and remainder and sometime without associated injury. Pain became worse at dark.He is holding a safe(p) scope of articulatio ge nus gesture bilaterally but terminally terrible painful. Initially he is able to his day-to-day modus operandis but after few old ages subsequently he is non able to make his modus operandi and progressive fatigues additions, musculus neglect wasting, and failing around the occasion. He is besides holding history of ictuss for which he is taking intervention but the cause is non cleared because CT encephalon is normal.Everyday research lab scrutiny showed neutrophilia, thrombocytosis, with a hemoglobin degree of 11.3 g/dL, entire WBC count 14100, N 85 % , L 44 % , M 12 % , RBC 3.84, HCT 35 % , MCV 91 % , MCH 29.5pg, MCHC32.3g/dl, RDW14.8 % , ph4.58, MPV 7.7, PCT 0.35 % , PDW 16, and a distinguished ESR 101.Periphral vilification shows no sickling. An MRI of the left articulatio genus showed increased ruddy bone pith within the distal thighbone and proximal tibia/fibula, ab initio thought to be compatible with anaemia from an unexplained inflammatory procedure. Further urologic an d gastro enterologic workup was negative. There is no history of steroid or other drug consumptions along with no any drawn-out exposure of hazard factors.Clinical PhotographDegree centigrades UsersuserPictures2013-02-15 14.26.49.jpgFig ( 1 ) Bilateral articulatio genus with normal skin food color material with same degree of kneecap with mild gush in left sideXRAY OF LEFT articulatio genusDegree centigrades UsersuserPictures2013-02-15 13.59.11.jpgfig ( 2 ) skiagram of bilateral articulatio genuss joint with decresed joint infinite with distal femur median(prenominal) com powerment articular devolution with little addition denseness of median femoral articular border.MRI OF R T KNEE JOINTDegree centigrades UsersuserPictures2013-02-15 14.08.28.jpgC UsersuserPictures2013-02-15 14.11.41.jpgC UsersuserPictures2013-02-15 14.09.42.jpgFig ( 3 ) There is grounds of extended chronic medullary bone infarct in metaphyseal part of thighbone and shinbone with features dual define mark with deficiency of internal hydrops and widening upto the subchondral home base with prostration of the articular border of thighbone. There is marrow hydrops in subarticular part of shinbone and thighbone. Rate 2 myxoid degenerative alterations are seen in the anterior horn of sidelong crescent(prenominal) cartilage and posterior horn of median semilunar cartilage, break of normal additive uninterrupted low signal strength of anterior cruciate ligament with partial break of fiber at tibial and femoral fond regard.MRI OF LEFT KNEEDegree centigrades UsersuserPictures2013-02-15 14.11.41.jpg C UsersuserPictures2013-02-15 14.12.39.jpgC UsersuserPictures2013-02-15 14.12.06.jpgFig ( 4 ) There is grounds of extended chronic medullary bone infarct in metaphyseal part of thighbone and shinbone with features dual line mark with deficiency of internal hydrops and widening upto the subchondral home base with prostration of the articular border of thighbone. There is marrow hydrops in subarticular part of shinbone and thighbone. Tear of anterior horn of median semilunar cartilage. Modrate joint gush predominately in supra patellar pouch.MRI of headwayBrain parenchyma shows normal MR morphology and grey white distinction, there is no focal parenchymal lesion. Basal gangia and thalmi are normal in volume and signal strength. middle encephalon, Ponss, and myelin are cardinal and appear normal in signal strength. The cerebellar hemisphere are normal. Ventricular system are normal.WHOLE remains BONE SCANC UsersuserPictures2013-02-20 10.23.45.jpgDegree centigrades UsersuserPictures2013-02-20 10.23.29.jpgFig ( 5 ) Skeltal scintigraphy done with20mci of 99m Tc-MDP endovenous and graph taken in three represents post injection revels.( 1 ) Flow decimal point ( immediate station injection ) there is addition flow in part of bilateral articulatio genuss articulation( 2 ) Blood pool stage ( 5 min station injection ) there is pooling in the part of bilateral articulatio genuss ar ticulation( 3 ) Delayed stage ( 3 min station injection ) there is increase tracer uptake in the part of bilateral articulatio genus articulation, distal woodpecker of bilateral thighbone, proximal shaft of bilateral shinboneSuggestive of -non specific arthritis bilateral articulatio genuss joint with infarct in distal shaft of bilateral thighbones and proximal shaft of bilateral shinbone.PreventionAt the present, there is no known bar but we can decrese the opportunity of AVN by extinguishing the hazard factors. Avoid Immuno-suppressants and other drugs such as Steroids, Glucocorticoid, Indocin, and phenylbutazone and drugs that prevent the loss of bone mass such as Bisphosphonate ( diphosphonates ) .Foods that are good and nourish castanetss contain Calcium, Magnesium, Vitamin C and Vitamin D.TreatmentThe end in this instance is to stop the map and to look into farther harm to the bone so that bone and joint survived. Without intervention, most people with the disease will se e terrible hurting and restriction in motion. To find the most appropriate intervention, the physician considers the followers the age of the patient, the phase of the disease ( early or late ) , the location and whether bone is affected over a little or big country, the underlying cause of osteonecrosis. The articulatio genus is the 2nd most common location for osteonecrosis after hip. The disease can be classified into 4 phases phase I patterned advance from no radiographical findings phase II a little flattening of a the median condyle phase Three visual aspect of a radiolucent lesion and present IV articular gristle prostration. There are two typical entities ( I ) self-generated osteonecrosis of the articulatio genus ( SPONK ) , and ( two ) secondary osteonecrosis of the articulatio genus. They are differentiated by age of presentation, associated hazard factors ( e.g. usage of corticoid and alcohol addiction ) , location, lateralization, and condylar engagement. First stop hazard factors i.e. corticoid or intoxicant usage, intervention may non work unless usage of the substance is stopped. Early infarcts ( before X shaft alterations are apparent ) can be treated with a running(a) process called nucleus decompression and bone grafting or autologous bone marrow organ transplant to better circulation of affected country, but one time the condyle has lost its contour, nucleus decompression will non assist in hurting alleviation and farther prostration of the weight-bearing zone. The of import end to accomplish at this phase is the immobilisation of the affected country. Early Reconstruction, with debridement of the necrotic zone and replacing of the curtly bone with autologous bone reinforced to back up the subchondral bone at hazard of prostration. Later phases of avascular mortification ( when X ray alterations have occurred ) necessarily advancement to a earnestly damaged bone and/or articulation that require arthroplasty or joint replacing surgery. DISCUSIONOsteonecrosis has been report during or after the class of steroid intervention in several conditions such as reaping hook cell disease, systemic lupus erythematus, ulcerative inflammatory bowel disease and Crohnsdisease. Corticosteroids are believed to heighten the microvascular ischaemia by diminishing bone blood flow along with increased bone marrow force per unit area due to intra medullary lipocytes hypertrophy. The status can attest itself anyplace in the skeletal system, most normally in the femoral caput, but similar alterations have been reported in the distal articulatio genus, proximal shinbone, humerus, cubitus and the pes. No clear cut regulations exit sing the dosage and continuance of corticoid intervention followed by manifestation of osteonecrosis. Reported instances have documented it every bit early as 6 months to every bit tardily as three old ages. On carnal theoretical account it is reported to be found one hebdomad after the initial steroid disposal. Osteonecrosis begins perniciously and frequently the canvas is easy missed and delayed due to often normal field radiogram in early portion of the disease even in the front end of pathological alterations. MRI has been reported to be more sensitive and specific to observe osteonecrosis in an early stage. In diagnostic patients with negative field radiogram or MRI findings, the radionuclide bone scan is recommended. It is extremely sensitive for showing the countries of enhanced focal consumption before the alterations are evident on other imaging modes. Conservative intervention options including anodynes, braces, reduced weight bearing, bed remainder, deep heat modes and ROM exercisings are offered, but nil has been proved to be of a good deal significance besides offering a impermanent diagnostic alleviation. None of the intervention options are believed to change the class of the disease. If diagnosed at an early phase, prostration of the subchondral bone and patterned advance of the disease may be averted in some patients by diminishing the joint emphasis and by developing mobility. Different surgical attacks including nucleus decompression, curettement, and bone graft have been tried with contradictory out comes, nevertheless, the ultimate intervention is frequently a joint replacing in bad involved articulations.DecisionIt is a common complication in patients with a history of anterior articulatio genus hurting of long continuance with history of injury or associated with other hazard factors of osteonecrosis genrally short-run or long-run corticoid. These instances are really hard to name initial phases with simple conventional imaging techniques. A careful scrutiny with high index of intuition is indispensable while covering with patients with anterior articulatio genus hurting. MRI and radionuclide bone scan are helpful in observing a field radiogram negative lesion. After clinical and radiological rating and verification of such lesion that affe ct the 2nd most common site after hip i.e. articulatio genus should be managed after proper theatrical production, taking to accomplish hurting free articulatio genus motion with non just deterioting the articulatio genus map and to better the morbidity of patient life.

Academic Stress Essay

This annotated bibliography was prepared at Stanford University under the supervision of faculty from the Law School and the School of Education operative in collaboration with Challenge Success. It is not intended to be all-inclusive. If you are aware of articles, books, or other materials that should be included, please send an email to professor Michele Dauber at mldaubergmail.com. Please feel free use this bibliography and cite it or the materials in it. You can use it several ways.1. If you know the topic you are fire in (i.e., impression), you can scroll down and read the Summary Findings by Topic, and then locate the cited articles by searching the document on the authors name, searching chronologically.2. You can also search this document for the keyword depression and read the abstracts of the articles that contain that keyword.3. You can scan the intimately recent reseach by reading the most recent abstracts in the Annotated Bibliography of Sources in Reverse Chronolog ical Order.Internationally, students that are not donnishally burnt out tend to have higher GPA slews and self-esteem than students that are academically burnt out (Lee et al., 2010). Studies show an authoritative relationship between increased initiatehouse work and decreased sleep, as sanitary as the relationship between decreased sleep and increased feelings of misgiving, depression, and fatigue (Fuligni & Hardway, 2006).Longitudinal studies show an change magnitude pressure placed on children and adolescents in cost of expected time spent on school and school-related work, which could result in less time for things like extracurricular activities, sleeping, and spending time with family (Juster, Ono, & Stafford, 2004).Yadusky-Holahan, M., Holahan, W. (1983). The effect of academic stress upon the anxiety and depression levels of gifted high school students. Gifted Children Quarterly 27(42) 42-46. Keywords academic stress, student anxiety and depression, existent situati on, gifted students The primary finale of this work was to understand the relationship between living situation (living alone or with a roommate) and anxiety and depression for high-ability, high-achieving students. Findings show that stressors relating to the school environment, academic expectations, and workload were found to be potential contributors to heightened depression.The study had various hypotheses, including the prediction that increased anxiety and depression levels would be found for those students that lived alone, because they were lacking peer support. The participants included cardinal twelve-grade students who attended a competitive public school. Thirty of these students lived alone, and thirty had chosen to live with roommates. Measures were taken to limit environmental effects, and tether instruments were used to gather three separate tests over a five month period.These instruments included The Depression Adjective Check Lists, the IPAT Anxiety outdo, a nd the Mooney Problem Check List. The data was gathered earlier school started, in the middle of the semester, and just before final examinations. Results showed that depression was significantly higher mid-semester versus beginning of the semester, except for females with roommates.Males with roommates and females without roommates reported significantly higher levels of depression during the final exam period. Stressors relating to the school environment, academic expectations, and workload were found to be potential contributors to this heightened depression.Other findings were that only women in single rooms had increased levels of academic stress as the semester progressed (though this may have been due to environmental factors). In sum, this population demonstrated a link between academic stress and depression. This finding, as well as other finding pertaining to living situations, imply that there needs to be increased social interaction in residential living schools to help students cope and gain peer support in a high-stress environment.1982Hansell, S. (1982). Student, boot, and school effects on the stress of college application. Journal of Health and Social Behavior, 23(1), 38-51.Keywords stress, college applications, student, parent, and school characteristics This study examined the relationship between student, parent, and school characteristics and the stress of college applications.Data from 254 high school students in an affluent private high school revealed that student and parent characteristics influence the experience of stress during college applications. Students with lower socioeconomic status, higher seniority in the school, or whose parents were most heavily involved in school personal business demonstrated the greatest blood pressure increases.The researchers employed ii studies, the first was to assess cardiovascular changes caused by the SAT among eleventh grade students, and the second study involved interviewing students (gr ades nine through twelve) to elicit cardiovascular responses to the stress of college applications. Though the results of this study cannot be generalized to other types of school environments, there are important implications regarding the influence that student/parent characteristics and school environments have on stress levels surrounding the college application process.1958Sarnoff, I., Lighthall, F. F. , Waite, K. S. , Davidson, K. S. and Sarason, S. B. (1958). A crosscultural study of anxiety amongst American and English school children. Journal of Educational Psychology 49 129-137.Keywords test anxiety, general anxiety, international comparison This study demonstrates that the link between examinations and anxiety are longstanding. The researchers involved in this study attempted to validate a measure of anxiety, which had been used in their previous studies.The researchers were able to see if correlates of test anxiety were similar across two different cultures, as well as e xamine the effects that a school examination has on test anxiety. English children must take the eleven plus examinations, which determine their educational future and (at that time) had no counterpart in American culture. After distributing the Test Anxiety Scale and the General Anxiety Scale to equivalent groups of English and American children, results confirmed the hypotheses of the study.English children had higher test anxiety scores than American children, because of the greater importance of their school exams. The children in two countries had similar scores for general anxiety. As school grade increased, the importance of test examinations increased as well. Finally, girls had higher scores on both types of anxiety than boys in both countries, which researchers attributed to more social acceptability of girls to express fear and distress. Again, this studys findings demonstrate that the link between examinations and anxiety are longstanding. The increasing importance of t ests in both cultures could imply the increasing levels of anxiety in children.

Diabetic Management Plan

Diabetes Mellitus is a disease known to humans since the ancient times. Hieroglyphics of Egypt, which dated back in 1500 BC, illustrated symptoms of diabetes. During this time, people depicted diabetes to be type 2 except and type 1 diabetes is a newly discovered disease. However, this has been made clear by researches and studies that type 2 diabetes is different from type 1 diabetes (Hanas 2007). In the present, cases of diabetes incessantly rise especially cases of type 1 diabetes.Type 1 diabetes is an insulin dependent diabetes that is common to children and teenagers. Here, the body totally does not produce insulin rendering the glucose white plague slight for an individual (Fox and Kilvert 2007). The glucose aim on the crinkle rises and affects certain body functions making the individual seek medical attention. Diabetes has no cure. When champion has diabetes, he or she has it for lifetime. However, certain ways in managing diabetes, whether it is type 1 or type 2, are f ound exactly with consideration to medication, activity, and diet.Strict adherence to medication nutrition is useful in preventing the discipline of diabetic complications. Regular exercise or physical activity as swell as proper eating habits is to a fault proven to help lower seam sugar levels making it controllable. In addition, frequent monitoring of blood glucose will allow an individual to anticipate and act in response to the previously get word glucose level. The Case of Jodie Jodie is a 17- social class-old girl who has just been diagnosed with type 1 diabetes following admission to the local Emergency Department in DKA.She is currently studying year 12 at graduate(prenominal) school, plays netball every Saturday afternoon and enjoys going to parties with her friends. Jodie weighs 55kg with a BMI of 20. She lives happily at home with her parents and older brother. Jodie has been commenced on a basal bolus insulin regimen using Humalog and Levemir. Nutritional Managem ent Managing diet is besides a key factor in proper management of diabetes. It is all-important(a) to emphasize to the lymph gland and the family that the leaf node is not taking a diabetic diet but rather a balanced meal.Emphasis moldiness also be considered on the ethnicity of the client as well as cultural and religious background of the patient. Before taking these into considerations, it is important to know the basic caloric inhalation of the client. By multiplying the weight of the Jodie in pounds (121 lbs) to 10 (constant multiplier factor for female), you will come up with a total of 1210. This is the basic caloric need of Jodie. Multiplying the basic caloric need (1210) with 0. 40 (constant multiplier for rigorous activity) will come up with a resulting activity based caloric needs (605).Calories for digestion can also be calculated by multiplying the essence of basic caloric intake and activity based caloric needs (1210 + 605) to 0. 10 (constant number). The resul t would be 181. 5. Lastly, compute for the total daily caloric intake by summing up the basic caloric intake, activity based caloric intake, and calories needed for digestion (1210 + 605 + 181. 5). The result would be 1996. 5. This is the caloric needs of Jodie every Saturday since she is engaged in netball and partying with her friends. On the other hand, the caloric intake of Jodie from Monday to Friday and Sunday would be 1863. 4.Upon computing the daily caloric intake of Jodie, it can be concluded that energy needs varies among individuals on a daily basis, and depends greatly on the age, gender, and ethnicity (How to Calculate Your Total Daily Calorie Needs 2010). Smart, Aslander-van Vliet and Waldron (2009) proposed how total caloric intake essentialiness be distributed Carbohydrates must constitute about 50-55% fats must be 30-35% protein must be 10-15% and sucrose must be 10%.Therefore, Jodie must put one over a lucre intake of 931. 7-1024. 87 calories (M-F, Sun) and 99 8. 25-1098. 08 calories(Sat) fat intake of 559. 02-654. 19 calories (M-F, Sun) and 598. 5-698. 78 calories (Sat) protein intake of 186. 34-279. 51 calories (M-F, Sun) and 199. 65-299. 48 calories (Sat) and sucrose intake of 186. 34 (M-F, Sun) and 199. 65 (Sat). When taking gelt rich viands, it might be necessary to include wellnessy sources like vegetables, fruits, legumes, whole grains, and low fat milk. Take into consideration other alternatives for the source of food by consulting the carbohydrate exchange table, cabohydrate counting and the use of glycemic load and index. In the consumption of fat, food with saturated fat must be limited to less(prenominal) than seven percent of total caloric intake.Every week, two or more servings of fish is permissible but with exemption to the commercially produced fish fillet (American Diabetes necktie 2007). Replace saturated fats with monounsaturated fatty acids and polyunsaturated fatty acids through the use of low fat dairy products, lean meats, olive and sesame seed oil, helianthus oil, corn oil, and soybean oil. Encourage intake of protein from vegetables (legumes) and animals (lean meat, fish, low dairy products) because it promotes growth and is a good source of nitrogen for the body. Take also into consideration that the table salt intake of the client must be less than 6 grams per day.Advise those individuals who prepare the food that they should avoid adding salt in cooking and in meals. In addition, unwarranted alcohol should be avoided because it interferes with gluconeogenesis resulting to prolonged hypoglycemia. The patient must also be advised to wear identifications about her diabetes, and consume carbohydrates forward, during, and after drinking. Drinking, on the other hand, must be done in moderation and must consume drinks with reduced alcohol content. Prevent nocturnal hypoglycemia by consuming carbohydrate-rich bedtime snack.Blood glucose monitoring must be done more often at night until e attime of the following day (Smart 2009). Monitoring Patients with Diabetes Knowing that diabetes can lead to some grievous complications, it is bump if one should know the things that he/she should monitor in order to prevent these complications. one and only(a) should have vigilant monitoring of blood sugar. Scientific severalize shows that tightly controlling blood sugar levels can prevent the development and progression of small blood vessel (microvascular) disease and nerve disease (neuropathy) (Wendt 2009).Since last blood sugar is considered as the culprit to most of the diabetic complications, monitoring blood glucose by the patient is extremely important to prevent consequences from unmonitored blood glucose. mild glucose level whitethorn lead to hypoglycemia. Mild hypoglycemia can cause a somebody to feel uncomfortable and can interfere with his normal functioning. However, intemperate hypoglycemia can cause seizure, loss of consciousness, and coma (Kelly 2006). Avo iding highs and lows in blood sugar will not only make the patient feel better, but will satisfyingly reduce his/her risk of diabetes complications.Cholesterol levels should also be monitored. A test done to monitor the cholesterol level of a diabetic person is called fasting lipid profile. It is a blood test that measures the total cholesterol, HDL and LDL cholesterol levels, and triglyceride levels in the bloodstream. It is also used to assess the risk for the development of coronary artery disease, one of the predisposing factors for heart attack (Kaufman 2010). Knowing that cholesterol affects the blood vessels of the retina and the heart gives the health provider a clue that any significant increase in the level would necessitate immediate monitoring and intervention.If cholesterol is controlled, the risk of developing complications is greatly reduced. Keeping track of blood pressure is important because people who have diabetes tend to have more trouble with high blood pressu re than people who do not have the disease. Having both diabetes and high blood pressure can pack a damaging one-two punch as far as increasing the risk of heart disease, stroke, and eye, kidney and nerve complications (Manzella 2006). noble-minded blood pressure increases blood flow into the eye, accelerating diabetic retinopathy (Chous 2006). Knowing the earliest signs and symptoms are also key in preventing diabetic complications.However, diabetic retinopathy has no early signs and symptoms. Jodie then must be aware of the yearly eye examination that must be done after the preliminary examination within 5 years after the diagnosis of diabetes (Diabetes 2010). Dilated eye examination must be done every year by an optometrist or ophthalmologist erudite about and controld with diabetes and diabetic eye disease (Chous 2006) in order to know the extent of eye affectation. Both the patient and the health provider should also monitor some signs and symptoms to prevent blindness. Any concern with regard to the patients vision must be taken seriously.Be aware if the patient complains of suspended dark muscae volitantes that interferes with his/her vision. It whitethorn indicate blood leak to the vitreous humor, which can lead to blindness. Also, take into consideration the increasing difficulty in performing things that require centering such as reading and sewing. Amputations can also be prevented if the patient has vigilant foot cover. Foot care is important since the patient with diabetes has decreased genius on the lower extremities. Preventive measures would include watching for signs and symptoms of impending ulceration.The patient and the health provider should be aware of any swelling, thick hard fur or corns, and any blisters or breaks on the skin. Take good care of small cuts and abrasions immediately. When choosing shoes, make sure that they fit well and allow the toes to move freely. other complication of type 1 diabetes is diabetic ketoacidosi s, the reason why Jodie was rushed to the emergency department. The goal for the management of DKA is the correction of fluid and electrolyte imbalances, restoration of circulating blood volume to normal, and identification and correction of factors that contributes to the development of diabetic ketoacidosis.Correction of circulating blood volume starts with the infusion of 1000 ml of 0. 9 percent sodium chloride for the kickoff hour followed by the infusion of 2000 ml to 8000 ml for the next 24 hours. Assess clients skin turgor, weight and hematocrit because these will pay heed as markers for the efficacy of intravenous therapy. Potassium must also be monitored because this electrolyte leaves the cells in ketoacidosis. When dealing with this, several points must be considered during the assessment and intervention phase. oftentimes assess the patients urine output.Take note of the amount of urine when administering one thousand to the client. If the urine is less than 30 ml pe r hour, halt the administration of the potassium and notify the physician immediately. Continuously monitor the client for signs of hyperkalemia (oliguria, weakness, bradycardia, cardiac arrest) and hypokalemia (weakness, paralytic ileus, cardiac arrest). Hyperkalemia may ensue for the first 4 hours of treatment while hypokalemia may develop after 4 hours up to 24 hours. Monitor the clients ECG and take note of T wave.Its flattening or inversion may signify hypokalemia while peaking of T wave may indicate hyperkalemia (Brunner, OConnell Smeltzer and Suddarth, 2008). Medications for Diabetes According to Hanas (2007), the American Diabetes Association instituted the individualization of blood glucose goals, with goals higher to those individuals with frequent hypoglycemic attacks. Suggestions were also made on the level of blood glucose for each age group. Jodie, a 17 year old teenager, belongs to the immature group (13-19). It was stated that before meals, an ensample blood glucos e level is 5-7 mmol/L or 90-130 mg/dl.At bedtime or overnight, she must have a blood glucose level of 5-8 mmol/L or 90-150 mg/dl. To obtain this goal, Jodie is prescribed with Humalog and Levemir in order to facilitate the entry of glucose in the cells thereby preventing the increase of glucose level in the blood. Humalog is a fast- or rapid acting insulin additive that takes effect on the body after injecting it. Since it is an analog, it considered as a variation of human insulin and tends to mimic its action from the time it is secreted by the pancreas.When taking this drug, inform the client to use disposable, sterile needles or pen. Rotate the injection sites to prevent complications like lipodystrophy. Take this drug at the same time every day. Allot a 15 minute allowance before taking a meal prior to its administration. To prevent hyperglycemia, take this drug with long acting insulin such as the Levemir (Griffith and Moore 2006). Instruct the patient to seek medical attent ion immediately if she experiences symptoms such as rash, hive, intense itching, and difficulty in breathing after taking a dose.This suggests an anaphylaxis reaction and is life-threatening. Although infrequent, instruct the patient to take quick-acting sugar such as honey or fruit juice whenever she experiences excessive hunger, cold sweats, cold skin, shakiness, chills, or vision changes. This signifies that she is experiencing low blood sugar or hypoglycemia. On the other hand, Levemir is long-acting, man-made insulin that may last for 24 hours after administration. Instruct patient to use only Levemir when the vial appears to be colorless and clear. Presence of air bubbles is considered normal.However, do not administer the drug if it looks colored, cloudy or thickened. Inject drug into subcutaneous part of the body such as the stomach, thighs, and upper arms. Just like in Humalog, rotate the injection sites to prevent lipodystrophy. The patient may also experience hypoglycemia and its treatment is the same as those of Humalog (Novo Nordisk, Inc. 2009). When taking this drug, instruct her to avoid intake of alcohol as this may increase the effect of insulin resulting to blood glucose worrys (Griffith 2006). One should also take note on the time Levemir will take effect.Levemir injected at bedtime or 10 pm (for multiple injection therapy) will have its effect during the night and breakfast. It can also be used as a two dose treatment one in the morning and one in the dinner. Insulin injected in the morning will take effect on the lunch and afternoon while insulin injected during dinner will take effect on evening and night. Bedtime snack is necessary then to avoid night time hypoglycemia (Hanas 2007). It is also necessary to take insulin before meals. When taking Humalog as pre-breakfast insulin, it is better if Jodie should monitor her blood glucose.The time elapsed before the administration of pre-breakfast insulin depends on the level of blood glucose she has in the morning. Blood Glucose Levels Rapid Acting Insulin (Humalog) Ordinary or Short Acting Insulin mmol/L mg/dl 3 55 After the meal Just before 3 5 55 90 Just before 15 minutes before 5 10 90 180 Just before 30 minutes before 10 14 180 250 10 minutes before 45 minutes before ? 14 ? 250 20 minutes before 60 minutes before Source Hanas, R. (2007).Type 1 Diabetes in Children, Adolescents, and Young Adults How to become an expert on your own diabetes (3rd ed. . United Kingdom branch Publishing Ltd. Checking blood glucose before lunch is also necessary. When using rapid acting insulin, a blood glucose reading taken two hours after breakfast is enough. Blood Glucose Measure 4 mmol/L 70 mg/dl Decrease the insulin dose at breakfast by one to two units 8 mmol/L 145 mg/dl Increase the insulin dose at breakfast by one to two units Patient experiences cold sweat, hunger, shakiness (signs of hypoglycemia) between breakfast and lunch. Decrease the insulin dose at breakfast by one to two units Source Hanas, R. (2007).Type 1 Diabetes in Children, Adolescents, and Young Adults How to become an expert on your own diabetes (3rd ed. ). United Kingdom Class Publishing Ltd The Concept of Psychology in Diabetes Adolescence is the time during which an individual attempts to establish their identity and sustain involving themselves into sexual relationships. As an childlike grew, the client will begin to take responsibilities with his or her action. Add up to these responsibilities are those involving their management of diabetes. The challenge here does not only involve the adolescent but also the health care provider and the family itself.Adolescent are in the position wherein they are faced with developmental tasks needed to accomplish in addition to the need of managing their lives with diabetes. Health care providers and family must also consider their actions to make sure that treatment and regimens do not interfere with age-related activities of the ado lescent thereby allowing growth and development (Snoek and Skinner 2005). several(prenominal) complications in diabetes are also found to be associated with poor parental interaction of the adolescents diabetes management. DKA is one of these complications.Snoek and Skinner (2005) revealed that individuals belonging to a family that lacks have and warmth are typical to hose patients who have DKA. Moreover, diabetic individuals who have unresolved family problems and lack of parental participation in the treatment have a tendency to belong in this population with DKA. It was also linked that the possibility of child abuse (physical, sexual or social) may be triggering factor an adolescent ran away from home skipping his/her dose of insulin. Another possibility is that an adolescent is undergoing the phase of rebellion or rejection.Lifestyle management for teenagers with diabetes may result to resentful feelings as well as the stage of rejection. Consequently, the adolescent omits hi s/her insulin dose but this is considered to be part of how an adolescent adopts to his/her life of a diabetic person (Snoek 2005). To provide solutions with this problem, a schedule telephone call every two to three weeks may be used to provide assistance and support to the patient through the use of problem solving techniques. Motivational interviewing (MI), which is a collaborative nestle between patient and the health care provider, can also be utilized.It is a directive approach that aims to resolve patients anxiety and ambivalence regarding diabetic management by supporting the adolescent and respecting their decisions regarding diabetes management (Miller and Rollnick 2005). With this, an individual will report less worry and anxiety, and satisfaction with the present life and a more positive outlook (Snoek 2005). Patient Education Approach Educational tools are used to go around information and knowledge in order to maximize the management of blood glucose and prevent comp lications from it.Since no study shows which type of teaching methods is appropriate for education, its approach must be varied but is well adapted to the age of the child and the needs of the family. It must not be too rigid that it invokes confusion and ruin resulting to distress and harm on the part of the adolescent and family (Funnel and Anderson 2004). Health education tools may include the use of food pyramid and plate models that will inspire the basics of nutrition and healthy eating habits.Extensive patient education may also be necessary for adolescents and the families to help them estimates the amount of carbohydrates in foods, its exchange or portions. Education can also include guides on how to read food labels and how to recognize the nutritional content of food. Several methods are also instituted to facilitate adolescents learning in measuring carbohydrates. Exchange or portion system, carbohydrate counting, and glycemic index and glycemic load are some of these methods (Smart 2009).

Scientific method

They nevertheless forget an other important component which is also supposed to be ffered by the libraries if they argon to scram and increase their membership. This important component is customer caution. According to Jamier L. Scott (2002), from Wikipedia defines customer palm service as a series of activities designed to enhance the level of customer satisfaction that is, the feeling that a product or service has met the customer expectation. Thus the customer should feel at home when he or she is in the depository program program depository library and should leave while they be contented that they have really been careed.Customer care is the watchword in both private and public sectors as e move into the service age of 21st carbon (De Saez, 2002126). The client is firmly at the centre of missions and strategic policies. Libraries and information services must demonstrate this invariably and consistently if they are to succeed. The need to feel that one is respected i s vital to an individuals concept of self. De Saez (200266) argues that a take atmosphere abide be created by ply well trained in customer care.This marrow that I ibrary statt should be knowledgeable in customer care and should see to it that they maintain welcoming environment at all propagation. Library ustomers or applyrs should be welcomed warmly. De Saez (200275) further suggests that however, all library employees be encourage to recognise their very real role as salespeople for the organisation. Their role go away be to make a customer care a high- level priority, presenting a professional face at all times to establish and develop good public relations. Kotler et al (2008 n. ) says that todays companies are going beyond designing strategies to imbibe new customers and create transactions with them. Companies are now using customer relations management to declare customers nd build profitable, long-term relationship with them. Likewise libraries should use custome r relations management, customer care inclusive, to retain their customers or attract new members or users. Once a customer is mistreated and disappointed, he would non want to come back and result definitely be discouraging others from coming to the library sighting his experience of mistreatment as an example.Library provides need to be nice to their users if they are to continue implike the libraries. sift (199717) also argues that if you do not care for your customers you will surely go ut of business. The customer will definitely go where they feel that they are welcomed. This implies that in case of a library they will avoid coming to the library and prefer other information sources like the internet where they will not pick up hostility. So if people do not come to the library then the library will be dysfunctional.Therefore it is as well very important nowadays, like in some(prenominal) other business institutions for librarians to wield customer care in libraries. 1. 2 Background College of Medicine (COM) is one of the five constituent colleges of University of Malawi. other colleges are the Polytechnic in Blantyre, Chancellor College in Zomba, Bunda College of Agriculture in Lilongwe and Kamuzu College of Nursing with campuses in Lilongwe and Blantyre. COM was established in 1991 and enrolled returning students from abroad. Before the College was established, medical students were being sent to Australia, South Africa and the joined Kingdom.With the establishments of College of Medicine, the country is now training its own doctors locally. The students mode of enrollment is in two phases. The head start crowd is that of premedical students. This refers to O-level students. They study A-level light subjects like mathematics, chemistry, biology and physics. After successful completion, they are enrolled for five old age in the medical course. The other group is that of students with A-level science subjects obtained from Chancellor Colleg e, Kamuzu Academy or any other high school. These students are enrolled straight into the first year of medical course for five years.COM like any other institution of higher learning has a library at its campus. It is situated along Mahatma Ghandi road. For the first ten years, the library operated from the Polytechnic library complex until October 2000 when it moved to its present location (Mangumbi, 20061-2). The library is relatively small and a new and bigger one is under construction which is expected to be sedulous by the end of the year 2010. The mission of the library is to support teaching, learning and look for activities for the college by providing current information resources and promoting effective usage of library facilities.The community that the college of medicine butts is composed of the following. All academic, academic related and administration staff All registered students ot the college tor the entire duration ot their study Members f University of Ma lawi All college of Medicine members of staff Visiting lectures, interrogation fellows and other visitors Interns and other medical personnel and external paid up members. The COM library offers various services to its clientele. These are lending services (long loan and short loan), Reference services, Malawiana and interlibrary services bonnie to mention a few.In its holding the library also offers electronic resources like e-books and subscribes to online Journals through the Malawi Library and nurture Consortium (MALICO), WHO and INASP. The order includes CD-ROMs and DVDs hich are also lent to people. (College of Medicine 2009 Prospectus) 1. 3 Statement of the problem Although a library may provide a number of services to its clientele it is very important to serve these customers with courtesy and satisfy their needs in a friendly environment. No matter how well stocked the library may be, if it has hostile staff and environment then members will not be attracted to the re sources.They will definitely shun the library and opt for other information sources. Not only that, with information congest such as that available through the internet, some people may ot hesitate to stop patronizing the library if they feel are being ill treated at the library. It is for this reason that a question will be transported to regain out if there are customer services at College of Medicine. The enquiry will find out how clients are being treated if they come to the library. If they have a query, how are they assisted? be they treated warmly and with courtesy? 1. Aim of the inquiry The look for aims at finding out if the customer care services are available at College of Medicine Library. 1. 5 specific Research Objectives 1. To find out the customer care services at College of Medicine Library 2. To find out if library staff are always friendly 3. To find out if library staff are eager to assist library users. 4. To find out user satisfaction, 5. To find out ho w library staff treat customers. 6. To find out if queries are solved peacefully and amicably. 1. 6 Research Questions 1 . How do library staffs welcome you in the library i. e are you greeted when you reach the call? . Are they always willing and eager to assist when you need a special help at the counter or in the library in general? 3. How do you rate friendliness of staffs? 4. Which group of library staff is friendly? . Do you have any suggestion on how best the library can improve its customer care services? 1. 7 Significance of the Study The study will assist the library management to make recommendations in coming up with plans on how to improve the customer care services in order to retain its clientele and encourage those that are graduating to continue being members and tide over the library.Scope and Limitations Since the query will only focus on students, the findings will not reflect the real results that are on the ground. It would have been better if the research i nvolved all ossible library members. Lack of enough time and money will also be a limiting factor to this research. 3. 0 METHODOLOGY Research modeology is a process whereby data is collected for the research project. It is simply a set of procedures and methods use to carry out a research. Macmillan and Schumacher (1997n. ) define research methodology as a design whereby a researcher selects data collection instruments and uses analysis procedures to investigate specific research problems. On the other hand, research methodologies according to Powell and Connaway (2004286-287) refer to strategies urrounding the use of multiple methods of data collection as required by distinct types of attempts to achieve higher degree of reliability and validity. This involves gathering the opinions of people on a particular topic. Neuman (2000122) has shared out methodology into categories thus quantitative and qualitative.Qualitative research stresses the experiences and meanings of phenomeno n. While quantitative puts emphasis on the empirical geographic expedition and explanation of phenomenon, where generalization from the precedent to population is the goal (Newman & Benz, 1998 n p). This research will use quantitative and qualitative methods to allow the researcher to get the in-depth information form students on how they are treated in the library. 3. 1 Research Method This basically is the specific method that is used in a research. friendly sciences use various methods in research but the common one is survey method.Powell & Connaway (200461) define research method as specific means of collecting data. One of the research methods used in amicable science is survey. Survey is the research strategy where one collects data from all or part of a population to assess the relative ncidence, distribution and interrelations of naturally occurring variables (Powell 200461). Aina and AJiferuke (200232) observe that a social survey research involves a systematic and co mprehensive collection of information about the opinions, attitudes, feelings, beliefs and behavior of people.Therefore this research will use survey method as it is widely used in social sciences, and library and information science being one of them. It is also flexible because a wide range of data can be collected. 3. 2 Target Population According to Powell (200484) population is the total of all cases that conform to a re-specified measuring rod or set of criteria. He further states that the population is the aggregate of units to which one wishes to generalize the results of a research study. Since COM is still young, its population is not as big as its other sister colleges.It has the population of 585 students in its various programs. So this means that the population of this research will be based on the population of the college which is 585 students. The population of the students is presented in table to a lower place. Table 1 Population size for students COURSE NUMBER OF STUDENTS premedical Students 160 Pharmacy Students 71 live of Medicine, Bachelor of Surgery (MBBS ) Students 298 Medical Laboratory Science 51 Total number of Students Source College of Medicine library users register, May 2010 3. Sampling Methods Sample as delimit by Lo Biondo-Wood and Haber (1998250) is a portion or a subset of research population selected to participate in a study, representing the research population. Stratified simple random will be used to get the participants. In this method the population will be divided into strata. The population of students will be divided according to courses, levels of study, antheral and female and then selected randomly. The method is advantageous because it guarantees fair representation of different segments of population and biasness is minimized. 3. Sample size Chowdhury (200883) defines sample as the sub-group of a population to be studied. Sample is a small amount of something or quantity or part of something to be used for study in a research. But Powell (2004193) defines sample as a selection of units from the total population to be studied. Leedy and Ormrod (2005207) argues that the larger the sample, the smaller the amount of consume error. However, a larger sample does not guarantee good results if it is not well represented. The sample size of the students will be calculated at 20% to have a good representation.Table 2 below illustrates the sample size. Table 2 Sample size 32 Pharmacy students 14 Bachelor of Medicine, Bachelor of Surgery (MBBS) Students 59 Medical Laboratory Technology 10 Total number of students 115 3. 5 Research Instruments According to Aina (2004), data collection instruments are instruments used to collect data. Seaman (199142) defines data collection instruments as devices used to collect data such as questionnaires, tests, structured interview schedules and checklist. Questionnaires will be used to gather data trom participants tor this study.They have been chosen beca use they have an advantage of giving sufficeents an opportunity to respond at their convenient time. Not only that, but are also quick and simple method of reaching a large sample of people. The questionnaires will contain both open and closed terminate questions so as to cater for both qualitative and quantitative techniques. 3. 6 entropy Collection Procedures data is information obtained during the course of investigation or study (Polit Hungler 1999267). The questionnaires will be distributed to students who will be dvised not to write their names.The questionnaires will be self-administered by the researcher. 3. 7 Pre-Testing of Research Instruments To ensure reliability and validity, the questionnaires will be tested before distributing them to respondents. 3. 8 Ethical Consideration To ensure confidentiality, all questions will not borrow names of the respondents. However, numbers will be assigned on each questionnaire for participants to remain anonymous. As Polit and H ungler (1999132-134) dismiss that researchers need to exercise care that the rights of individuals and institutions are safeguarded.Permission will be sought from the College of Medicine Registrar to conduct the study. And also legal and ethical issues regarding this research will be observed. 3. 9 Data Analysis Data analysis is the technique used to interpret, organize and present data that has been collected. Powell (200453) defines data analysis as the process of analyzing the data gathered basically involves coding the responses or placing each item in the appropriate socio-economic class tabulating the data and performing appropriate statistical computation. The data from questionnaires will be checked and processed using.